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In the absence of a comprehensive policy regarding the operations of street vending, the presence of contradicting regulations and stances between politicians and government officials on the legal status of vendors, it has been easy for vendors to build various perceptions regarding their legality which at last have led them to clash with urban authorities. For this paper, the researchers determined the influence of politics, existing regulations and vendors' knowledge vendors' perception on the legality of street vending operations in Dar es Salaam and Mwanza Cities, Tanzania. The paper is based on a study in which a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional survey design was used to collect data from 371 respondents who were selected using proportionate stratified sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect data which were then analysed descriptively by computing descriptive statistics and inferentially by multiple regression. The findings revealed that there was a positive relationship between politics, existing regulations and street vendors' knowledge and the perception of street vendors regarding their legality. It is concluded that continuous contradictions in law creation and implementation contribute to more problems than solutions regarding street vending activities in urban settings. It is also concluded that politics and associated actions, existing regulations and their implementation, and street vendors' knowledge positively influence street vendors' perception regarding the legal status of street vending operations. It is recommended that urban authorities and politicians should set a plain ground on which operations of street vending activities will run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between the judicial reorganizations of 1924 and 1941, the colonial tribunals in Dahomey heard more than two hundred cases of rape. Teenage or younger girls engaged in street hawking were the most common victims of rape who reported their assaults to these tribunals. Many of the cases stand out because market women played the dominant role in transforming girl hawkers' experiences of sexual assault into formal grievances. The history of sexual assault in colonial Africa has largely focused on how 'customary' and colonial courts have or have not punished the crime of rape. This approach privileges masculine authorities' views of sex, consent, and gender violence. This article focuses on the investigative processes in cases of sexual assault. In doing so, two gendered histories emerge: firstly, a history of elder female caregiving to girls suffering the aftereffects of sexual assaults and, secondly, a history of the vulnerability of hawkers to quotidian sexual violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the ways in which Russian itinerant traders in the Grand Duchy of Finland became involved in the Russo-Finnish political conflict that followed the issuing of the February Manifesto in 1899. Building on portrayals of the peddlers in Russian and Finnish newspapers and political pamphlets, including the underground press that emerged in the late summer of 1900, it traces the creation of an enemy image of mobile Russians, the role that the Finnish Constitutionalists' strategy of passive resistance ascribed to the "peddling question," and the reactions to this strategy in Russian nationalist circles. The analysis contributes new knowledge on the position of Russian peddlers in Finland and on the use of political propaganda in the Russo-Finnish conflict, and more generally on the mechanisms through which mobile groups of people can become utilized as political tools in times of political tension. The article also shows that the Russian peddlers did not remain passive in the conflict but exploited the turmoil by filing petitions with the Governor General's Office that aimed at strengthening their legal position in the grand duchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the late nineteenth century a considerable number of young Punjabi men sought their fortunes in the Australian colonies, working as hawkers and farm labour. While there, they experienced marginalisation and high levels of racial vilification. Drawing on death certificates, archival sources and contemporary newspaper reports, this paper is the first to collate the data on all deaths of these men until 1901 when Australia's immigration policies terminated further recruitment. This study is a first exploration of a hitherto unstudied topic and provides a unique insight into the causes of death of a marginalised group of people in Australia. Classified according to ICD-10, the major groups of mortality were infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, dysentery and typhoid with 33.9% of all fatalities, followed by violent deaths (suicides, murders and formal execution by the state, 11.8%) and respiratory diseases (9.1%). Not surprisingly, injuries (7.5%) and accidents (7.0%) also figure prominently. The paper concludes with some observations on the provision of health care to that marginalised segment of Australia's colonial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with one of the most neglected economic issues of the first Portuguese liberal experience: the domestic trade and its regulation. It focuses on itinerant trade, or peddling activity, which remained controversial, in some cases even prohibited, although it was completely compatible with the liberal agenda. We explore the discourses of both sides of the massive confrontation that enfolded: the established commerce, mostly retailers, supported by their still-influential corporations, and the peddlers, men and women who sold goods in the streets and door-to-door. We sought, in particular, for signs of speech modernization, starting with the dissemination of concepts related to economic and political liberalism, in an unprecedented petitioning context in Portugal. Finally, we discuss and provide additional explanations for the indecisions and half-measures of the parliament, incapable of accommodating its liberal agenda to the economic and social reality of the country.

This article explores historical street cries, the sounds, calls, and music of peddlers, hawkers, and vendors who sold food, provisions and services, and their changes within global soundscapes and urban communities. It considers food cries as an acoustic, socio-economic, and cultural phenomenon associated for centuries with street selling as a key constituent of culinary provisioning and subaltern livelihoods. It examines how and why from the mid-nineteenth century, such cries were perceived negatively by many urban residents and how the sounds of selling food that were historically integral to culinary provisioning systems were portrayed as an undesirable and backward aspect of urban life and virtually relegated to the realm of nostalgia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates how migrant petty trading populations confront social systems/perceptions of their host localities and the effects on the sustainability of their trading activities. I examine clusters of long-term migrant petty traders (LTMs) and very recent migrant petty traders (VRMs) (i.e. from Lake Chad region: Chad, Cameroon and Niger) found in Nigerian peri-urban areas. Adopting Kaufman's symbolic-analytic model, I argue that a mix of socio-economic factors – peri-urban residents' negative perception of migrant petty traders, divergence in symbolic attachments, and a low patronage system – affect the growth of the migrant petty trade sector in specific localities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early years of the People's Republic, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had difficulty in establishing control over grain markets. The implementation of the Unified Purchase and Sale of Grain Policy was a significant step toward this end, and part of the broader move toward collectivization that would lead to the Great Leap Forward, making it a sensitive topic for research. By focusing on the grain market and grain policies in rural Chongqing, this research shows the role of state prices management and state-owned grain companies before the grain monopoly in 1953. This paper uses material from county archives with a focus on Jiangjin County, a rural area of southern Chongqing, to show that in the early 1950s, CCP state-building policy featured not only violent mass campaigns but also utilized gradualist strategies to compete with the merchants, achieve influence, and finally control the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple, intersecting commentaries, songs, texts and images attest to eighteenth-, nineteenth- and twentieth-century perceptions of the emotionally charged and stimulative character of street crying's sonic signaling in cities such as Paris, Barcelona and Madrid. Crying by female hawkers of goods such as fruit, lottery tickets or flowers was freighted with implications intensifying its particular emotional force for listeners. In tonadillas and sainetes, melodías and canciones, and early twentieth-century song sheets and recordings, interpretations of flower sellers in particular harnessed the affective implications of their presences in public spaces to the social implications of direct physical approach. The tonalities and rhythms of many pregones incited nineteenth- and early twentieth-century listeners to intellectual and emotional cognition around sadness, melancholy and suffering. Beyond the materiality of the acoustic connection between crier and hearer, flower (and other street) sellers' work in urban spaces sounded out rhetorical strategies of debasement, humility and pleading in close physical proximity to potential buyers. An examination of Raquel Meller's recordings of "La billetera" (1917) and "La violetera" (1921) in the context of publicity promotions reveals what viewers and listeners knew collectively and cross-generationally: that suffering, humility and poverty were inextricable from aural paradigms for women's street crying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selling small wares, novelties, and affordable luxuries manufactured from artificial silk, the South Asian door-to-door pedlar or 'travelling draper', and his compatriot the 'Indian toffee man', were once fairly commonplace figures in British working-class life and the object of fond childhood recollections for many. Unfortunately, they have now largely drifted from popular memory, having left little trace in the historical record. However, this article's reconstruction of their lives offers a new perspective on the pivotal role inter-racial social networks played in pioneering South Asian immigration, settlement, and trade in Britain. New research into this pre-Partition, pre- Windrush immigration, particularly in and around the English industrial city of Sheffield, provides a more detailed and more nuanced understanding of their quotidian experience, their relationship to British society, and their reception by the working-class neighbourhoods within which they lived and plied their trade. The article emphasizes the men's enduring sense of agency and economic autonomy, despite the attempts of various departments of state to prevent them from exercising their right, as British subjects, to live and work in Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile and marginal, street sellers tend to disappear from the historical record, yet they played a very important part in the dissemination of cheap print from the earliest days of Italian publishing. They operated in the most central spaces of Italian cities such as Venice and Florence, selling cheap printed pamphlets, fliers, and images alongside other small consumer goods. They helped to make print accessible to a wide audience, often engaging in oral hawking or performance that could reach beyond the confines of the fully literate minority. However, these sellers occupied an ambiguous position in Italian cities, more often welcomed by customers and audiences than by guilds and government authorities. The increasing restrictions on print peddlers introduced in the era of the Counter-Reformation reflect the efforts of civic and religious authorities to grapple with the contemporary challenges of a burgeoning print market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians have long recognized the prominent role women played in vending food and fuel on the streets of early modern towns, but huckstering was a profitable part-time trade that attracted men as well as women. Indeed, there were probably more male than female hucksters operating in Southampton and other towns. While many scholars have been skeptical of the commercial opportunities open to street traders, hucksters, far from being under the thumb of exploitive suppliers, were sharp and independent, and adept at using their status as wholesale buyers to obtain goods at discount and sell them for profit. As an analysis of the presentments of Southampton's court leet shows, not only was huckstering a difficult commerce to constrain, but town authorities were loath to deny wives and widows one of the few trades they could practice in order to support themselves and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water melon is one of the most commonly consumed sliced fruits in Nigeria, that is being hawked around particularly in markets. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating microbial safety and characterising microorganisms associated with the sliced water melon fruits in Oja-Oba, Isinkan and Shasha markets in Akure, Nigeria. A total of 54 fruits were randomly sampled from six different fruit vendors (A-F) across the 3 markets. The samples were serially diluted and pour plate technique was used for microbial counts and isolation. Each isolate was characterised using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis. Results showed that bacteria counts (×104 cfu/mL) of the sliced fruits ranged from 0.67 ± 0.67 in Isinkan to 202.33 ± 8.11 in Shasha, while total coliform counts (×104 cfu/mL) equally ranged from 1.67 ± 1.67 in Isinkan to 270.33 ± 33.39 in Shasha. Remarkably, no fungus was observed in both, the control and sliced fruits across the 3 markets. Besides, PCR analysis revealed the presence of Providencia rettgeri, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis and Kersytersia gyiorum as identified bacteria isolates in the sliced fruits. The high microbial load and the presence of identified isolates consequently suggest the health hazards associated with consumption of such sliced fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of small-scale food service business existing in Surabaya are hawker centres and depots. Generally, depots and hawker centres are managed unprofessionally as the owner does not pay much attention to the service quality. Conversely, nowadays customers pay more attention to the service quality. Based on a survey, it was identified that hawker centres and depots are lacking in three aspects: (1) hygiene and sanitation, and (2) poor knowledge among staff in terms of both service quality and (3) grooming. Training was provided to the staff on food and personal hygiene; knowledge of food safe packaging; and how to provide excellent services. On the basis of feedback from the owner and the customers, it was found that these activities had positive impacts on depots, hawker centres and the customers. Hawker centres and depots could improve their staffs' service quality so that in the end, customers feel satisfied visiting them. Since students performed these activities, they have also had a positive impact on them. By interacting with the owner and the staff at the hawker centres and depots, the students learned to be humble and open-minded, to interact with people from different backgrounds of education and economy, to have self-motivation and to not underestimate other people. Most importantly, the students realized that they should be thankful for what they have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What were the moral effects of commerce for society as a whole thought to be during the long eighteenth century in Europe? To answer, this paper distinguishes between high merchants (leading guild officials) and low (peddlers), and between the self-images of merchants and their perception by articulate elites. It finds surprising convergences between the self-images of peddlers and guildsmen (along with the less surprising divergences), and surprisingly similar positive evaluations of the merchant in paradigmatic eighteenth-century thinkers such as Montesquieu and Rousseau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of the corn pone by presenting three personal narratives of individuals experience of the dish. Sarah Jastak talks about an African American huckster Hannah Mary Burton who made a corn pone Jastak's family bought infrequently, a corn pone recipe by Onancock, Virginia resident Mrs. Bertie Powell, and Bill McIntire's family tradition of consuming it as a side at breakfast on Christmas morning.

Guangzhou, along with many other Chinese cities like Hong Kong and Yiwu where Africans visit, live, and engage in trading activities, is known for its ubiquitous pedestrian bridges. It is not uncommon to see many hawkers illegally displaying temporary stalls on these pedestrian bridges where they sell goods to mainly Africans and other foreign traders. From around 2012, the city security personnel, which has previously mostly turned a blind eye to these structures and activities, suddenly started clamping down on Africans on a regular basis as they became a prominent group of customers on these bridges in downtown Guangzhou-resulting in the sudden disappearance of Africans on these city center bridges and other prominent open door markets. This has led to some journalistic reports claiming that Africans were leaving China in large numbers. But if these Africans have all but disappeared from the pedestrian footbridges where are they now? Are they leaving China "in droves" or are they regrouping elsewhere in Guangzhou and other parts of China? How many Africans are in China and from which African countries do they come? What do they do in China? How are Africans responding to this and other unfavorable policy transformations such as an increasingly heavy-handed clamp down on illegal immigration? How resilient are African communities in China? This paper is built around, first, addressing these and other empirical questions towards an understanding of various categories of actors within China's African diaspora communities before turning to examine the theoretical implications of seeing these African diaspora communities as bridge communities for strengthening Africa-China linguistic, cultural and trade relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries, Jewish entrepreneurs have worked in the second-hand goods economy. Closely allied with pawnbroking, dealing in second-hand goods made it possible for Jews, often forbidden from owning land or joining craft guilds and unions, to earn a living in much of Europe. As Jews left eastern and central Europe for England, the British Commonwealth, and the United States, they took their knowledge of second-hand goods with them and built on established peddlers' networks to create businesses that dealt in scrap materials like metals, paper, rags, and hides. From that foundation, Jewish scrap dealers came to deal in military surplus, used and new furniture, and auto parts. Although underappreciated and obscured in the present day, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the figures of Jews who dealt in second-hand goods loomed large enough to appear in popular culture in literature, on stage, and on screen, both films and television. Even comic books - a literary genre shaped by Jewish entrepreneurs and artists - got into the scrap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ler Historia is the property of Ler Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Food wastage has been widely discussed and investigated from different perspectives in literature. The EU-28 produces about 88 million tonnes of food wastage every year, making the awareness of this phenomenon a vital matter. This paper focuses on the outdoor-market operators’ perception and behaviour towards the food waste phenomenon in a particular phase of the agro-food supply chain. It assesses the different approaches used to manage unsold produce and its destination. A sample of 214 market retailers in the Greater Torino market areas of Italy were identified, to whom a questionnaire was administered by interview to analyze the main actors involved in the food-wastage process and profile them according to their perception, behaviour, and attitude. The results show that there are three distinct kinds of market operators, i.e., farmers, peddlers, and hybrids. Their attitudes and behaviour towards unsold food differ, as does their inclination towards a sustainable approach, which depends on their personal experience and role in the supply chain. Moreover, the results provide some relevant elements that may contribute to improving the management of the food-waste phenomenon. Moreover, they bring some useful evidence to light that could lay the basis of more effective tools to be put at the disposal of various institutions.

Trade is one of the issues that are handled in the periodic Tanzimat stories and novels. Some of the information given about artisans and business in these works is also very important in terms of reflecting the trade life of the period. In this way, the details of how workplaces and businesses operate, their earnings and their employees are determined. Today the similarities/differences between commercial organizations are highlighted. It is even understood that some of them continue to exist as they are today, others change their names day by day. However, others, abandon their social and economic development completely. One of those profession groups are the peddlers. Peddlers who are usually trying to work among the neighborhood are known by the name of the merchandise they sell, like simitçi, börekçi, bozacı, dönerci and eskici. Some of them still exist today. These artisan groups which usually tries to sell out by shouting, mostly prefer crowded areas. They have an important place in social life in terms of taking goods and services to custumers. Peddlers who are explained by A.Mithat are tried to be portrayed and introduced by giving a variety of information about them in the stories and novels of Tanzimat. Although sometimes they attract by the personalities and dialogue, they stand out by their business and products. The purpose of this study is to consider peddlers in terms of vendor, product and customer relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The burden of malaria in mobile populations remains poorly documented in sub-Saharan Africa. This study determined the prevalence of malaria among hawkers and long-distance truck drivers in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. Methods: A cross-sectional design using consecutive sampling method between June and July 2016 in Accra and Tema in Ghana was used in this study. The study population was hawkers who roam and sleep in the Market Streets, and long-distance truck drivers. Participants completed closed ended interview questionnaires on socio-demographic characteristics, primary residence and knowledge about malaria. Rapid diagnostic test and thick blood smears of each participant were stained with Giemsa and read using microscopy. Geographical position system (GPS) was used to collect the station locations of these mobile populations. Result: The overall prevalence of malaria was 15.1% and Plasmodium falciparum was responsible for all malaria infection. The malaria prevalence was 18.9 and 10.9% respectively among hawkers and truck drivers (p < 0.05). The hawkers, the single and the no formal educated participants were more likely to get malaria than the long-distance truck drivers (OR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.07-3.42), the married (OR = 1.94 95% CI 1.11-3.40) and the educated participants (OR = 2.56 95% CI 1.10-5.93), respectively. After controlling for other variables, marital status (OR = 2.60 95% CI 1.43-4.73) and educational level (OR = 2.70 95% CI 1.08-6.77) were statistically significantly associated with malaria. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the prevalence of malaria is high among hawkers and long distance truck drivers. Sociodemographic characteristics, such as marital status, occupation and educational level are significantly associated with malaria. The station locations as determined by GPS technology will make these mobile populations easier to reach for any malaria intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age heaping (the inflated frequency of life ages ending in the digits of 0 and 5) is evident when compiling the nominated ages at death of Punjabi hawkers in Australia. In the literature, age heaping has been widely used as a measure of literacy and numeracy of a source community, and by extension as a proxy for that community's human capital. This paper examines the nature and causes of age heaping in the Punjab and in India in general. Drawing on late nineteenth and early twentieth century census data, it can be demonstrated that the postulated nexus between age heaping and literacy and numeracy is entirely spurious. Rather, census collection and reporting methodologies are to blame for the observed age heaping bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tehran's metro symbolises the city's claims to world-class status and its expansion enjoys widespread support across the political spectrum. This article focuses on the ways in which the carriages reserved for women are appropriated by female hawkers despite the efforts of municipal officials determined to eliminate hawking within the metro. On an everyday basis, the ubiquity of hawkers contributes to the production of a convivial atmosphere within the carriages reserved for women. However, the surreptitious appropriation of space comes at a cost for the hawkers, who face competing pressures. While this space is emancipatory in the sense that it is a relatively safe place for female hawkers to earn their livelihoods or spending money, many have reported feelings of anxiety because of the stigma associated with hawking. This article contributes to the scholarship on urban citizenship and exclusion by focusing on the governance of a 'world-class' urban megaproject, and the complex social and economic pressures that affect some of its users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Hong Kong is a convergence site for commodities and people from across the globe. The culture of mass consumption and disposability of consumer goods epitomized in this cosmopolitan center fuels the secondhand street markets located in the interstices of the city. During the marginal hours of the late evening and early morning in one of the poorest districts of Hong Kong, Sham Shui Po in Kowloon, a mix of regular and itinerant vendors consisting of locals and immigrants sells salvaged, secondhand goods. The market attracts elderly local residents, foreign domestic workers, African merchants, scrap recyclers, collectors, bargain hunters, and various customers looking to buy for personal use, for resale elsewhere, for refurbishing, or for further recycling. The mutual work of rehabilitating and revalorizing the remnants of material life characterizes this localized but highly global streetscape. These informal spaces of exchange, however marginalized and even criminalized, make possible the redemption of things discarded and abandoned. Trading salvaged goods offers a means to make ends meet for the urban poor. Especially in an area where the poor suffer from cramped living conditions, the street offers an open communal space for residents to conduct the business of life. Hawkers and street merchants have long been a cornerstone of street life in Hong Kong, but this heterogeneity is diminishing as the government moves to sanitize the streets and regulate the use of public spaces. Under threat is the unique density of social life on the streets of Sham Shui Po as gentrification through urban renewal ushers in sanitized residential complexes and corporate shopping centers. The locals who participate in the secondhand markets are asserting a claim on public space and attempting to create entrepreneurial opportunities for themselves in a global economy that discounts their participation and an urban landscape that discourages their presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foodservice is a dynamic industry affected by multiple factors and forces. One potentially powerful influence is globalization, the outcomes of which are disputed; it has been deemed both a threat and opportunity. This article reviews the foodservice industry in Singapore, a prosperous and rapidly modernizing city state in South East Asia, and analyzes selected aspects of demand and supply. Issues are discussed within the context of globalization processes which are shown to affect consumption patterns and provision. At the same time, Singapore’s food culture and foodservice industry have had an international dimension throughout much of its history and retain features firmly rooted in the locality so that the global and local are not always distinct. Particular attention is given to hawkers as representatives of traditions which are exposed to modernizing pressures, suggesting an ongoing dialogue between continuity and change and the local and global with scope for accommodation and possibly tension. Future prospects of the industry as a whole are also considered and challenges to be addressed are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Este artigo apresenta uma visão crítica acerca da mudança dos camelôs para os de nominados shoppings populares, implementados pela Prefeitura Municipal de Belo Horizonte, com a finalidade de cumprir o código de conduta do projeto "Centro Vivo". Argumenta-se que a atitude da prefeitura foi de limpeza da cidade, provocando uma desarticulação do trabalho informal dos camelôs e "toreros", bem como aumentando a precariedade de suas condições políticas e sociais de trabalho. O argumento baseia-se no discurso da mídia impressa e de algumas atas de reunião da prefeitura concernentes ao tema. Os autores contrastam o discurso com o dos próprios camelôs, que foram entrevistados, a respeito de como percebiam o processo de mudança para os shoppings e o que isso acarretou em termos do seu trabalho.This article presents a critical view of how peddlers were relocated to the 'popular malls' implemented by the Municipal Government of Belo Horizonte, with the purpose of enforcing the code of project Centro Vivo. The argument is that the officials' intention of cleaning up the city caused a disarticulation of the informal work of the peddlers and 'toreros' and increased the precariousness of their social and political working conditions. The media and city hall discourses were contrasted with the discourse of the peddlers, who were interviewed regarding their perception over this phenomena and its consequences for their work.

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Nigeria, the eggs sold to the public are exposed to high storage temperature, without any indication of best buy dates. There is therefore a need to evaluate the microbial quality of eggs sold to the public. Forty-five pieces of raw and 15 pieces of boiled eggs were randomly procured from 9 vendors, in three open markets and motor parks. Samples were divided into batches containing 15 eggs each. For the microbial load of shell, the sample making a batch was washed in water and rinse water serially diluted and plated. The egg content for each batch was pooled, serially diluted and plated. Other biochemical evaluation methods for microbial identification were performed. All the raw (shell and contents) samples were positive for microbial growth on the agar plates. Total viable count ranged from 1.5 x 105 to 1.0 x 108 CFU/ml and 5.3 x 104 to 1.1 x 107 CFU/ml for egg shell and content respectively. Enterobacteriaceae count ranged from 3.3 x 105 to 1.0 x 107 CFU/ml. Boiled egg shell had high Salmonella-Shigella 1.2 x 107 CFU/ml count. Isolates from the raw samples included: Proteus spp, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp, Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. Isolates from the RTE eggs were Enterococcus fecalis, Serratia spp, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp and Staphylococcus spp. Eggs are contaminated with diverse microorganisms, therefore consumption of raw egg should be discouraged. Street vendors or hawkers need to be educated on safe food handling techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case traces the rags-to-riches entrepreneurial journey of Mr Pang Lim in building his Koufu food court business empire over the past decades amidst the changing landscape of the food and beverages industry in Singapore. After dropping out of school at 13 years old, Mr Pang started work as a dishwasher in the 1960s. However, his entrepreneurial acumen enabled him to seize strategic opportunities and adapt to changing environmental forces to become the owner of Koufu, a leading food court chain in Singapore. When Koufu was founded in 2002, the food court business in Singapore was already dominated by other major players such as Food Junction and Kopitiam. Yet, through astute management, clearly defined market segmentation strategies, and a significant focus in brand-building, Koufu grew into an international food court empire. By 2012, it consisted of 54 food courts in Singapore, one food court in Macau, and annual revenue of $152.7 million. Koufu also grew to become one of Singapore's most established F&B brands with many sub-brands in its stable. This case is suitable for use in Marketing Strategy and Strategic Marketing courses. Key marketing and branding theories and concepts illustrated in this case include macro-environment and micro-environment analysis; segmentation, targeting and positioning strategies; and branding architectures (i.e., house of brands, branded house, house brand). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este artículo desarrolla un modelo estocástico que explica el comportamiento de un vendedor ambulante del sector informal en México. En el modelo propuesto, el agente tiene un consumo de subsistencia sujeto a dos restricciones: la primera considera un ingreso incierto y la segunda consiste en su rutina de consumo. A través del modelo propuesto se determinan la proporción óptima del ingreso que el individuo destina al ahorro cuando hay un exceednte y las horas que destinará a su actividad, así como la estrategia óptima de consumo futuro. Asimismo, a través de un modelo VAR, se muestra evidencia empírica, que confirma los resultados de la propuesta utilizando datos de consumo y salario del individuo, así como la población económicamente activa en el sector informal, entre otras variables relevantes entre 2005 y 2011. Para ello se lleva a cabo un análisis de causalidad de Granger, funciones de impulso-respuesta y descomposición de la varianza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians have scrutinised the racial classifications of Arab immigrants in the census, in immigration documents and in early-twentieth-century naturalisation cases. However, recent scholarship has shown that other archives - ones that do not focus on interactions with the law - reveal a different process of Arab-American racialisation. This article contends that looking in other archival spaces, specifically the US social welfare archive, shows how ideas about gender, sexual and class difference constituted early Arab-American racialisation. Social welfare reformers in institutional settings, including the International Institute of Boston, the National Conference of Social Work and the pages of the social work periodical The Survey, systematically linked Syrian labouring practices with notions of dependency, sexual and gender deviance, and Orientalist difference. Syrian women were racialised through their participation in the peddling economy - a network of peddlers, suppliers and domestic labourers that sustained a widespread profession of the early Syrian American community. Syrian women's labouring practices conflicted with white middle-class femininity and posed a threat to Syrian claims of whiteness. This analysis demonstrates the centrality of gender, sexuality and class to studies of early Arab America and demonstrates how Arab migrant women's labouring practices affected their communities' standing in the American context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]